Linux Examples
From MediaWiki
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Revision as of 22:30, 23 March 2011
This page is dedicted to people who wants to get familiar with basic usage of Linux shell. In this exercise will be demonstrated basic of navigating the file system, standard Linux commands, archive tools, data management, basics of bash script language. For more tutorials and exercise use google.
Let`s get started:
Contents |
ls command
List folder:
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ ls /tmp
You will get output simular like this:
007-01-22 people misanu c mpi-start ce_hist node11_hist course phpBB-3.0.8.tar.bz2 Epico.iso PPROBAMATLAB fcub PROBAMATLAB gctest realtimeoutput gctest_main.c run_gctest.sh gctest_mcc_component_data.c run_gctestsing.sh gctest.prj run_magicsquare.sh gctestsing script.sh gctestsing_main.c simulacija
For more details type :
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ ls -las
You will get output simular like this:
total 1011632 4 drwx------ 38 ngrkic ngrkic 4096 Mar 22 21:18 . 4 drwxr-xr-x 94 root root 4096 Mar 21 10:38 .. 16 -rw------- 1 ngrkic ngrkic 12482 Mar 23 12:01 .bash_history 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 ngrkic ngrkic 24 Jul 31 2009 .bash_logout 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 ngrkic ngrkic 191 Jul 31 2009 .bash_profile 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 ngrkic ngrkic 124 Jul 31 2009 .bashrc 0 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ngrkic ngrkic 0 Mar 22 21:18 c 8 -rw-r--r-- 1 ngrkic ngrkic 5619 Jul 31 2009 .canna 20 -rw-r--r-- 1 ngrkic ngrkic 20224 May 5 2010 ce_hist 4 drwx------ 3 ngrkic ngrkic 4096 Dec 10 15:47 .config 4 drwxr-xr-x 8 ngrkic ngrkic 4096 Sep 7 2010 course 4 drwxrwxr-x 4 ngrkic ngrkic 4096 Dec 10 15:43 .eclipse 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 ngrkic ngrkic 383 Jul 31 2009 .emacs 1008604 -rw-r--r-- 1 ngrkic ngrkic 1031798784 Nov 25 16:42 Epico.iso 4 drwxr-xr-x 5 ngrkic ngrkic 4096 Nov 29 2009 fcub 4 drwxrwxr-x 3 ngrkic ngrkic 4096 Nov 29 10:06 .felix 156 -rwxrwxr-x 1 ngrkic ngrkic 155129 Sep 20 2010 gctest 4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ngrkic ngrkic 3513 Sep 20 2010 gctest_main.c 8 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ngrkic ngrkic 6115 Sep 20 2010 gctest_mcc_component_data.c 28 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ngrkic ngrkic 27854 Sep 20 2010 gctest.prj
pwd command
Print name of current/working directory:
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ pwd
You will get something like this:
/home/ngrkic
cd command
To change directory to /tmp type :
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ cd /tmp
Then type just cd :
[ngrkic@ui tmp]$
Now you are in your home folder (type pwd if you are not sure). If you want to go one folder back type :
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ cd ..
Now you are in system home folder.
When you want to go to root of filesystem, type :
[ngrkic@ui home]$ cd /
Now you are in / folder. If you want you can type ls to see content.
Now return to your home folder by typing :
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ cd
mkdir command
When you want to make new folder type next:
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ mkdir testdirNikola
touch command
If you want to make empty file, you can do it with touch command like this:
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ touch testfile
cp command
For copying files type:
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ cp testfile testdirNikola/
For copying folder to /tmp folder type :
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ cp -rf testdirNikola /tmp/
mv command
To move file type :
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ mv testfile testdirNikola/
To move folder :
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ cp -mv testdirNikola /tmp/
rm command
To delete file from folder type:
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ rm /tmp/testdirNikola/testfile
To delete a folder :
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ rm -rf /tmp/testdirNikola
chmod command
First lets touch testfile:
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ touch testfile
Then list the file like this:
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ ls -ls testfile
You will get this output:
0 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ngrkic ngrkic 0 Mar 23 22:55 testfile
When you want to add or remove perrmision type command in this syntax :
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ chmod u+x testfile
Now list again and you will get next output:
0 -rwxrw-r-- 1 ngrkic ngrkic 0 Mar 23 22:56 testfile
top command
When you need information about current status of computer type :
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ top
ps command
When you need a snapshot of current state of process type :
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ ps aux
You will get simular output to this one:
kic 19409 0.0 0.0 90136 1852 ? S 22:39 0:00 sshd: ngrkic@pts/9 ngrkic 19410 0.0 0.0 66220 1684 pts/9 Ss 22:39 0:00 -bash ngrkic 19600 0.0 0.0 65632 984 pts/9 R+ 23:03 0:00 ps aux root 24045 0.0 0.1 90160 3316 ? Ss Mar17 0:00 sshd: zlatko [priv] zlatko 24047 0.0 0.1 90492 2144 ? S Mar17 0:00 sshd: zlatko@notty zlatko 24048 0.0 0.1 54028 2180 ? Ss Mar17 0:00 /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server root 24104 0.0 0.1 90160 3344 ? Ss Mar17 0:00 sshd: zlatko [priv] zlatko 24106 0.0 0.0 90160 1908 ? S Mar17 0:00 sshd: zlatko@pts/1 zlatko 24107 0.0 0.0 66228 1652 pts/1 Ss Mar17 0:00 -bash zlatko 24166 0.0 0.1 58388 3212 pts/1 S+ Mar17 0:00 ssh n89 root 28045 0.0 0.0 62628 1216 ? Ss Mar19 0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd nobody 30385 0.0 0.1 103000 2316 ? Ss Feb10 0:04 /usr/sbin/gmond root 31963 0.0 0.1 90132 3284 ? Ss Mar22 0:00 sshd: igor [priv] igor 31965 0.0 0.0 90328 2064 ? S Mar22 0:00 sshd: igor@pts/3 igor 31966 0.0 0.0 66232 1656 pts/3 Ss Mar22 0:00 -bash igor 32026 0.0 0.1 58524 3348 pts/3 S+ Mar22 0:00 ssh -X n89 root 32247 0.0 0.1 90160 3336 ? Ss Mar15 0:00 sshd: jaksa [priv] jaksa 32249 0.0 0.0 90160 1964 ? S Mar15 0:00 sshd: jaksa@pts/8 jaksa 32250 0.0 0.0 66228 1688 pts/8 Ss+ Mar15 0:00 -bash root 32507 0.0 0.1 90132 3280 ? Ss Mar22 0:00 sshd: zeki [priv] zeki 32509 0.0 0.0 90132 1840 ? S Mar22 0:00 sshd: zeki@pts/4 zeki 32510 0.0 0.0 66228 1748 pts/4 Ss+ Mar22 0:00 -bash
kill command
When you need to end your process type :
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ kill 100
Where 100 is number of process.
man command
If you need more documentation for some command (for example ls) type :
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ man ls
Where you enter in man reading mode
LS(1) User Commands LS(1) NAME ls - list directory contents SYNOPSIS ls [OPTION]... [FILE]... DESCRIPTION List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --all do not ignore entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. --author with -l, print the author of each file -b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
grep & pipe commands
To grep type (for example ps command):
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ ps aux | grep ngrkic
You will see output simular to this:
ngrkic 19409 0.0 0.0 90136 1852 ? S 22:39 0:00 sshd: ngrkic@pts/9 ngrkic 19410 0.0 0.0 66220 1684 pts/9 Ss 22:39 0:00 -bash ngrkic 19684 0.0 0.0 65632 984 pts/9 R+ 23:22 0:00 ps aux ngrkic 19685 0.0 0.0 61192 724 pts/9 R+ 23:22 0:00 grep ngrkic
cat command
When you want to see content of file in output type :
[ngrkic@ui ~]$ cat .bash_profile
Output will be like this:
# .bash_profile # Get the aliases and functions if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc fi # User specific environment and startup programs PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin export PATH unset USERNAME